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Higher education in China

Higher education in China is the largest in the world.[1] By the end of 2021, there were over 3,000 colleges and universities, with over 44.3 million students enrolled in mainland China and 240 million Chinese citizens having received high education.[2][3] The system includes Bachelors, Masters and Doctoral degrees, as well as non-degree programs, and is also open to foreign students.

The Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China is the government authority for all matters pertaining to education and language. The ministry notes that higher education in China has played a significant part in economic growth, scientific progress and social development in the country "by bringing up large scale of advanced talents and experts for the construction of socialist modernization."[4]

China is also a major destination for international students, being the most popular country in Asia for international students,[5] the leading destination globally for Anglophone African students,[6] and the second most popular in the world.[7] In 2017, China surpassed the U.S. with the highest number of scientific publications.[8][9] There were 17 Chinese universities on lists of the global top 200 behind only the United States and the United Kingdom in terms of the overall representation in the 2023 Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities, a composite ranking system combining three of the world's most influential university rankings (ARWU+QS+ THE).[10] China has dominated the QS BRICS University Rankings and the THE's Emerging Economies University Rankings, claiming seven of the top 10 spots for both rankings. China is also the most-represented nation overall.[11][12] Regardless of various rankings of the Chinese universities, the Ministry of Education of China does not advocate, support or recognize any ranking published by other institutions.[13]

There are 13 statutory types of academic degrees in China: Bachelor/Master/Doctor of Philosophy, Economics, Law, Education, Literature, History, Science, Engineering, Agriculture, Medicine, Management, Military Science, and Fine Arts. These degree names are designated by the degree program's academic emphasis and the classification of disciplines.[14][15][16][17]

In 2015, a tertiary education development initiative called Double First-Class Construction designed by the central government of the People's Republic of China was launched, which aims to comprehensively develop elite Chinese universities into world-class institutions by improving their faculty departments to world-class level by the end of 2050. The full list of the plan was published in September 2017, which includes 140 universities being approved as the Double First-Class Universities, representing the top 5% of the total 3,012 universities and colleges in China.[18][19]

  1. ^ "China has world's largest higher education system - China - Chinadaily.com.cn". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  2. ^ "全国高等学校名单 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". www.moe.gov.cn. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved November 3, 2021.
  3. ^ "More Chinese receive higher education". global.chinadaily.com.cn. Archived from the original on October 16, 2022. Retrieved October 16, 2022.
  4. ^ Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. Higher Education in China. Archived May 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Beijing, PRC.
  5. ^ Sheehy, Kelsey (October 8, 2013). "Explore the World's Top Universities". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on October 24, 2014. Asia is among the fastest growing destinations for international students, and foreign enrollment at universities in Indonesia and South Korea have more than doubled since 2005, the agency reports. China continues to be the most popular destination in the region, though, ranking third among countries that host the most international students, IIE reports.
  6. ^ "China tops US and UK as destination for anglophone African students". Victoria Breeze, The Conversation. June 27, 2017. Archived from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
  7. ^ "China's 2020 target: reshaping global mobility flows". EAIE. January 27, 2020. Archived from the original on October 10, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
  8. ^ magazine, Jeff Tollefson,Nature. "China Declared World's Largest Producer of Scientific Articles". Scientific American. Archived from the original on October 22, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Tollefson, Jeff (January 18, 2018). "China declared world's largest producer of scientific articles". Nature. 553 (7689): 390. Bibcode:2018Natur.553..390T. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-00927-4.
  10. ^ "Country Analysis | Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities 2023". research.unsw.edu.au. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
  11. ^ "QS University Rankings: BRICS 2019". Top Universities. October 2, 2018. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  12. ^ "Emerging Economies". Times Higher Education (THE). January 22, 2020. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference :10 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Ministry of Education (January 22, 2019). "普通高等学校本科专业目录－国务院国有资产监督管理委员会". State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council. Archived from the original on July 9, 2022. Retrieved July 9, 2022.
  15. ^ National People's Congress (August 28, 2004). "中华人民共和国学位条例 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on July 9, 2022. Retrieved July 9, 2022.
  16. ^ "学位授予和人才培养学科目录（2018年4月更新） - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on July 9, 2022. Retrieved July 9, 2022.
  17. ^ "研究生教育学科专业目录（2022年）" (PDF). Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. September 14, 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved December 10, 2022.
  18. ^ "全国高等学校名单 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". www.moe.gov.cn. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
  19. ^ "教育部 财政部 国家发展改革委关于公布世界一流大学和一流学科建设高校及建设学科名单的通知 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". www.moe.gov.cn. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved December 27, 2021.

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